Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
These aren't niche tools used by tech enthusiasts. They're mainstream applications that everyday people now use for research, planning, learning, and decision-making. When someone searches for "best productivity apps for small teams," they're increasingly likely to ask an AI rather than Google. When a business owner needs to understand a technical topic, they're prompting Claude instead of reading blog posts. When students research topics for papers, they're querying Perplexity instead of clicking through search results.
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